427 research outputs found
The supernova/gamma-ray burst/jet connection
The observed association between supernovae and gamma-ray bursts represents a
cornerstone in our understanding of the nature of gamma-ray bursts. The
collapsar model provides a theoretical framework for this connection. A key
element is the launch of a bi-polar jet (seen as a gamma-ray burst). The
resulting hot cocoon disrupts the star while the 56Ni produced gives rise to
radioactive heating of the ejecta, seen as a supernova. In this discussion
paper I summarise the observational status of the supernova/gamma-ray burst
connection in the context of the 'engine' picture of jet-driven supernovae and
highlight SN 2012bz/GRB 120422A -- with its luminous supernova but intermediate
high-energy luminosity -- as a possible transition object between
low-luminosity and jet gamma-ray bursts. The jet channel for supernova
explosions may provide new insight into supernova explosions in general.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, discussion paper for Royal Society Meeting on
"New windows on transients across the universe", London 23-24 April 2012,
eds. P. O'Brien, S. Smart
Star-Forming Regions near GRB 990123
We reduced the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
images of the gamma-ray burst GRB 990123 that were obtained on 8-9 February
1999 and find V_0 = 25.36 +/- 0.10, which corresponds to a flux of 0.258 +/-
0.023 micro-Jy for the optical transient 16.644 days after the burst's peak.
The probable host galaxy has V_0 = 24.25 +/- 0.07 (= 0.716 +/- 0.046 micro-Jy)
and the optical transient is located 0.65 arcseconds (= 5.5 kpc) south of the
galaxy's nucleus. We fit and subtracted a scaled point-spread function to the
optical transient and found evidence for three bright knots situated within 0.5
arcseconds (= 4.3 kpc) of the optical transient. Each knot has V_0 ~ 28.1 +/-
0.3, a rest-frame V-band luminosity of between approximately 5e8 L_Sun and 8e8
L_Sun, and a star-formation rate of at least 0.1-0.2 Solar masses per year. The
knots are centrally concentrated with full-width at half-maximum of
approximately 0.17 arcseconds (= 1.5 kpc). Their sizes and luminosities are
consistent with their being star-forming regions. The optical transient is
located 0.15 arcseconds (= 1.3 kpc) southeast of the centre of one of these
knots.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Astronomy & Astrophysics Letter
Light Curve Properties of Supernovae Associated With Gamma-ray Bursts
Little is known about the diversity in the light curves of GRB-SNe, including
whether the light curve of SN 1998bw can be used as a representative template
or whether there is a luminosity-decline rate relation akin to that of SNe Ia.
In this paper, we aim to obtain well-constrained light curves of GRB-SNe
without the assumption of empirical or parametric templates and to investigate
whether the peak brightness correlates with other parameters such as the light
curve shape or the time of peak. We select eight SNe in the redshift range
0.0085 to 0.606, which are firmly associated with GRBs. The light curves of
these GRB-SNe are well sampled across the peak. Afterglow and host galaxy
contributions are subtracted and dust reddening is corrected for. Low-order
polynomial functions are fitted to the light curves. A K-correction is applied
to transform the light curves into the rest frame V band. GRB-SNe follow a
luminosity-decline rate relation similar to the Phillips relation for SNe Ia,
with , with for 6 dof and and
being the peak magnitude and decline rate in V band. This
luminosity-decline rate relation is tighter than the k-s relation, where k and
s are the factors describing the relative brightness and width to the light
curve of SN 1998bw. The peak luminosities of GRB-SNe are also correlated with
the time of peak: the brighter the GRB-SN, the longer the rise time. The light
curve of SN 1998bw stretched around the time of explosion can be used as a
template for GRB-SNe with reasonable confidence, but stretching around the peak
produces better results. The existence of such a relation provides a new
constraint on GRB explosion models. GRB-SNe can be used as standardizable
candles to measure cosmological distances and constrain cosmological
parameters.Comment: 17 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics on July
4, 201
Maximally dusty star-forming galaxies: Supernova dust production and recycling in Local Group and high-redshift galaxies
Motivated by recent observations suggesting that core-collapse supernovae may
on average produce ~0.3 M_sun of dust, we explore a simple dust production
scenario which applies to star-forming galaxies in the local environment (the
Magellanic Clouds and possibly the Milky Way) as well as to high redshift (sub-
millimeter, QSO, Lyman break) galaxies. We assume that the net dust destruction
(due to supernova reverse shock, shocks in the interstellar medium, or
astration) is negligible on a timescale of 1 Gyr, in which case the dust mass
can be estimated as 0.004 times the star-formation rate (for a Chabrier IMF)
multiplied by the duration of the star-formation episode. The model can account
for observed dust masses over four orders of magnitude and across the redshift
range 0-8.4, with dust production rates spanning five orders of magnitudes.
This suggests that star-forming galaxies may be seen as maximally dusty, in the
sense that a dominant fraction of the dust-forming elements forged in a
supernova eventually will go into the solid phase. In turn, this indicates
little destruction of supernova dust or almost complete replenishment, on a
short time scale, of any dust that is destroyed.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, accepted for ApJ
The Fundamental Plane at z=0.18
We present preliminary results regarding the Fundamental Plane (FP) for
galaxies in the two rich clusters Abell 665 and Abell 2218. Both clusters have
a redshift of 0.18. We have compared the FP for A665 and A2218, and for the
cluster CL0024+16 at z=0.39, with the FP for the Coma cluster. The scatter
around the FP is similar for all four clusters. There may be indications that
the slope of the FP is more shallow for the intermediate redshift clusters than
for the Coma cluster. More complete samples of galaxies in intermediate
redshift clusters are needed to map in detail the possible change of the slope
as function of redshift. The mass-to-light (M/L) ratio as measured by the FP
changes with redshift. At z=0.18 the M/L ratio (in Gunn r) is 16+-9% smaller
than for the Coma cluster. Together with earlier results reported for CL0024+16
this implies that the M/L ratio changes with redshift as Delta log M/L_r ~ -0.4
Delta z. The results presented here are in agreement with passive evolution of
a stellar population, which formed at a redshift larger than one. However, the
possible presence of more recent bursts of star formation complicates the
interpretation of the data.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures included, LaTeX style lamuphys.sty To appear in
the proceedings of the 3rd ESO-VLT Workshop Galaxy Scaling Relations, eds. da
Costa et al., Springe
A break in the high-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation
We investigate the stellar-mass Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) between the
stellar mass and the integrated gas velocity dispersion, quantified by the
kinematic estimator S_0.5 measured from strong emission lines in spectra of
galaxies at 0<z<5. We combine luminosity-selected galaxies (`high-luminosity
sample') with galaxies selected in other ways (`low-luminosity sample') to
cover a range in stellar mass that spans almost five orders of magnitude: 7.0 <
log M* < 11.5. We find that the logarithmic power-law slope and normalisation
of the TFR are independent of redshift out to z~3. The scatter in the TFR is
<0.5 dex such that the gas velocity dispersion can be used as a proxy for the
stellar mass of a galaxy independently of its redshift. At z>3 the scatter
increases and the existence of a correlation is not obvious. The
high-luminosity sample exhibits a flatter slope of 1.50.2 at z<3 compared
to the low-luminosity sample slope of 2.90.3, suggesting a turnover in the
TFR. The combined sample is well fit with a break in the TFR at a
characteristic stellar mass scale of M*~10 M, with no
significant evolution out to z~3. We demonstrate that a break in the TFR with a
steeper slope at the low-mass end is a natural consequence of galaxy models
with a mass-dependent stellar to halo-mass ratio.Comment: 12 pages, Accepted for publication in MNRA
The extinction curve of the lensing galaxy of B1152+199 at z=0.44
We present UBVRIz' photometry of the gravitational lens candidate CLASS
B1152+119 obtained with the Nordic Optical Telescope. The two QSO components
are resolved in the B, V, R, I and z' bands confirming the lensing nature of
the system. The z=0.44 lens galaxy is clearly detected in B, R, I and z' and
its position is found to be almost coincident with the faint QSO image which is
heavily extincted (relative to the brighter QSO image) by dust in the lens
galaxy. The extinction curve of the lens galaxy derived from the relative
photometry is well fitted by a Galactic extinction law with 1.3 < R_V < 2.0 and
E(B-V) ~ 1. From a simple model of the system we predict a time delay of ~ 60
days.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Cosmological Parameters From Supernovae Associated With Gamma-ray Bursts
We report estimates of the cosmological parameters and
obtained using supernovae (SNe) associated with gamma-ray
bursts (GRBs) at redshifts up to 0.606. Eight high-fidelity GRB-SNe with
well-sampled light curves across the peak are used. We correct their peak
magnitudes for a luminosity-decline rate relation to turn them into accurate
standard candles with dispersion mag. We also estimate the
peculiar velocity of the low-redshift host galaxy of SN 1998bw, using
constrained cosmological simulations. In a flat universe, the resulting Hubble
diagram leads to best-fit cosmological parameters of . This
exploratory study suggests that GRB-SNe can potentially be used as
standardizable candles to high redshifts to measure distances in the universe
and constrain cosmological parameters.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ
The rates and time-delay distribution of multiply imaged supernovae behind lensing clusters
Time delays of gravitationally lensed sources can be used to constrain the
mass model of a deflector and determine cosmological parameters. We here
present an analysis of the time-delay distribution of multiply imaged sources
behind 17 strong lensing galaxy clusters with well-calibrated mass models. We
find that for time delays less than 1000 days, at z=3.0, their logarithmic
probability distribution functions are well represented by P (log \Delta t)=5.3
x 10^-4 \Delta t^\beta M_250^-2\beta, with \beta=0.77, where M_250 is the
projected cluster mass inside 250 kpc (in 10^14 M_sun), and \beta is the
power-law slope of the distribution. The resultant probability distribution
function enables us to estimate the time-delay distribution in a lensing
cluster of known mass. For a cluster with M_250=2 x 10^14 M_sun, the fraction
of time delays less than 1000 days is approximately 3%. Taking Abell 1689 as an
example, its dark halo and brightest galaxies, with central velocity
dispersions larger than 500 km/s, mainly produce large time delays, while
galaxy-scale mass clumps are responsible for generating smaller time delays. We
estimate the probability of observing multiple images of a supernova in the
known images of Abell 1689. A two-component model of estimating the supernova
rate is applied in this work. For a magnitude threshold of m_AB=26.5, the
yearly rate of Type Ia (core-collapse) supernovae with time delays less than
1000 days is 0.004 +- 0.002 (0.029 +- 0.001). If the magnitude threshold is
lowered to m_AB ~ 27.0, the rate of core-collapse supernovae suitable for time
delay observation is 0.044 +- 0.015 per year.Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures, JCAP in pres
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